In-text citations
Author is quoted or paraphrased but not
named in the text. (MLA Handbook,
6.2)
It may be true that "in the
appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary
importance . . ." (Robertson 136).
Author is quoted or paraphrased and is
named in the text. (MLA Handbook,
6.3)
Sigmund Freud states that a
"dream is a fulfillment of a wish" (154).
Smith developed the argument in his 1997 book (185-91).
According to some, dreams express
"profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others
disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express
"profound aspects of personality" (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express "profound
aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?
In-Text Citations for Print Sources
with Known Author
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as
"symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as
"symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United
States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
Citing Indirect Sources
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as
"social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in
Weisman 259).
Citing Non-Print or Sources from the
Internet
With more and more scholarly work
being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed
in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used
for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource), some
Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text
citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your
citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.
Sometimes writers are confused with
how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the
absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any
sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources,
follow the following guidelines:
- Include
in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that
corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name,
film name).
- You
do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web
browser’s print preview function.
- Unless
you must list the website name in the signal phrase in order to get the
reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide
partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a
domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to
writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a
beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (Garcia,
“Herzog: a Life”).
Page
number unknown
As a 2005 study by Salary.com and America Online
indicates, the Internet ranked as the top choice among employees for ways of
wasting time on the job; it beat talking with co-workers—the second most
popular method—by a margin of nearly two to one (Frauenheim).
Selection
in an anthology
In “Love Is a Fallacy,” the narrator’s logical teachings
disintegrate when Polly declares that she should date Petey because “[h]e’s got
a raccoon coat” (Shulman 379).
Web site or other electronic source
Your in-text citation for an electronic source should follow
the same guidelines as for other sources. If the source lacks page numbers but
has numbered paragraphs, sections, or divisions, use those numbers with the
appropriate abbreviation in your in-text citation: “par.,” “sec.,” “ch.,”
“pt.,” and so on. Do not add such numbers if the source itself does not use
them. In that case, simply give the author or title in your in-text citation.
Julian
Hawthorne points out profound differences between his father and Ralph Waldo
Emerson but concludes that, in their lives and their writing, “together they
met the needs of nearly all that is worthy in human nature” (ch. 4).
When citing more than four lines of prose, use the following examples:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly
and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even
in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the
stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by
hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on
quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged
to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of
the house. (Bronte 78)
